It was inaugurated on 2 February 1999. For three months, the city suffered from the lack of food and water as well as the spread of smallpox brought by the Europeans. Many local firms also compete in the sector, including Alazraki, Olabuenaga/Chemistri, Terán, Augusto Elías, and Clemente Cámara, among others. Other well-known central neighborhoods include Condesa, known for its Art Deco architecture and its restaurant scene; Colonia Roma, a beaux arts neighborhood and artistic and culinary hot-spot, the Zona Rosa, formerly the center of nightlife and restaurants, now reborn as the center of the LGBT and Korean-Mexican communities; and Tepito and La Lagunilla, known for their local working-class folklore and large flea markets. Sundays see the largest number of these markets. The select and privileged group of Mexican scientists and artists belonging to this institution—membership is for life—include, among many, Mario Lavista, Ruy Pérez Tamayo, José Emilio Pacheco, Marcos Moshinsky (d.2009), Guillermo Soberón Acevedo. [71] At the Tacubaya observatory, the lowest temperature ever registered was −4.4 °C (24 °F) on 13 February 1960, and the highest temperature on record was 33.9 °C (93 °F) on 9 May 1998.[72]. The Human Development Index report of 2005[99] shows that there were three boroughs with a very high Human Development Index, 12 with a high HDI value (9 above .85), and one with a medium HDI value (almost high). The U.S. Army under Winfield Scott scored a major success that ended the war. In addition, according to the Secretariat of Tourism, the city has about 170 museums—is among the top ten of cities in the world with highest number of museums[131][132]—over 100 art galleries, and some 30 concert halls, all of which maintain a constant cultural activity during the whole year. [citation needed], Mexico City is one of the most important economic hubs in Latin America. 7. Bei genauerem Hinsehen erkennt man, dass die Verteilung dieser Flächen zudem sehr ungleich verläuft, da in den Vororten im Westen der Stadt der Anteil auf 30 m2 steigt, im dicht besiedelten, sozio-ökonomisch benachteiligten Osten aber auf bis zu Null m2 absinkt. "come on, come on"), who ask drivers for a fee to park. Sie versucht viel mehr aufzuzeigen, dass die Stadtverwaltung zusätzlich zu der Wahrnehmung ihrer Pflichten die Lösungen der Herausforderungen stärker noch von den spezifischen Erfahrungen ihrer Bewohner_innen ausgehend entwickeln muss. XHTV 4, [65][66] It has a minimum altitude of 2,200 meters (7,200 feet) above sea level and is surrounded by mountains and volcanoes that reach elevations of over 5,000 meters (16,000 feet). [153][154][155][156], City agency Red de Transporte de Pasajeros (RTP), formerly M1,[157] operates various networks of large buses including regular, Ecobús, Circuito Bicentenario, Atenea, Express, school and night routes. This includes North America's second-largest bicycle sharing system, EcoBici, launched in 2010, in which registered residents can get bicycles for 45 minutes with a pre-paid subscription of 300 pesos a year. The far-southern boroughs of Xochimilco and Tláhuac have a significant rural population, with Milpa Alta being entirely rural. Chapultepec Zoo, the San Juan de Aragon Zoo and Los Coyotes Zoo. The south of the city is home to some other high-income neighborhoods such as Colonia del Valle and Jardines del Pedregal and the formerly separate colonial towns of Coyoacán, San Ángel, and San Jerónimo. 13. XHTDMX 6, The city was originally built on an island of Lake Texcoco by the Aztecs in 1325 as Tenochtitlan, which was almost completely destroyed in the 1521 Siege of Tenochtitlan and subsequently redesigned and rebuilt in accordance with the Spanish urban standards. The Battle for Mexico City refers to the series of engagements from September 8 to September 15, 1847, in the general vicinity of Mexico City during the Mexican–American War. Blog. 2, Jürgen Oßenbrügge. Foto: Citámbulos. This can Drainage was engineered through the use of canals and tunnels starting in the 17th century. The investigative Judicial Police of Mexico City (Policía Judicial de la Ciudad de México – PJCDMX) is organized under the Office of the Attorney General of Mexico City (the Procuraduría General de Justicia de la Ciudad de México). Participación sectorial por entidad federative", "Emerging market city economies set to rise rapidly in global GDP rankings says PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP", "HDR 2006 | Spanish | Human Development Reports (HDR) | United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)", "The Hispanic Experience – Indigenous Identity in Mexico", "Composición Étnica de las Tres Áreas Culturales del Continente Americano al Comienzo del Siglo XXI", Consejo Nacional de Población, México; Delimitación de las zonas metropolitanas de México 2005, "Consejo Nacional de Población, México; Proyecciones de la Población de México 2005–2050", Población de 5 y más años hablante de lengua indígena por principales lenguas, 2005, "Asociaciones de Inmigrantes Extranjeros en la Ciudad de México. The evidence consists of a burial in the first case, and of, Magnus Mörner and Charles Gibson, "Diego Muñoz Camargo and the Segregation Policy of the Spanish Crown,". In the Plaza de las Tres Culturas is the Colegio de Santa Cruz de Tlatelolco that is recognized for being the first and oldest European school of higher learning in the Americas[130] and the first major school of interpreters and translators in the New World.[174]. The old Mexica city that is now simply referred to as Tenochtitlan was built on an island in the center of the inland lake system of the Valley of Mexico, which it shared with a smaller city-state called Tlatelolco. Bicycle-service users have access to several permanent Ciclovías (dedicated bike paths/lanes/streets), including ones along Paseo de la Reforma and Avenida Chapultepec as well as one running 59 kilometers (37 miles) from Polanco to Fierro del Toro, which is located south of Cumbres del Ajusco National Park, near the Morelos state line. Texcoco de Mora and then Toluca became the capital of the State of Mexico.[53]. In 1524, the municipality of Mexico City was established, known as México Tenochtitlán,[22] and as of 1585, it was officially known as Ciudad de México (Mexico City). In contrast, the boroughs of Xochimilco (172nd), Tláhuac (177th), and Iztapalapa (183rd) presented the lowest HDI values of Mexico City, with values of 0.8481, 0.8473, and 0.8464, respectively, which are still in the global high-HDI range. The central area's last streetcar line (tramway, or tranvía) closed in 1979. Included are major actions at the battles of Molino del Rey and Chapultepec, culminating with the fall of Mexico City. [201] Chilango is used pejoratively by people living outside Mexico City to "connote a loud, arrogant, ill-mannered, loutish person". Unrest followed for the next several decades, as different factions fought for control of Mexico. Das ist etwa die Hälfte unter dem international empfohlenen Mindestmaß. A list of relevant publications by Anke Schwarz. The first Spanish viceroy arrived in Mexico City fourteen years later. Once considered plebeian fare, by the 19th century tacos had become a standard of Mexico City's cuisine. Oder aber er geht auf die massive informelle Landnahme auf dem Grund des heute trockengelegten Texcoco-Sees zurück wie zum  Beispiel die Millionenstadt Nezahualcóyotl. [25] On that date, Mexico City began a transition to become the country's 32nd federal entity, giving it a level of autonomy comparable to that of a state. In late 2016 they transported an average of 1.1 million passengers daily. T: +52 55 5345 3000 xt 5622 and 5623; E: iclei-colombia(at)iclei.org; iclei.org.mx/ South America. [39] Cortés regrouped at Tlaxcala. [9] In terms of population, the biggest municipalities that are part of Greater Mexico City (excluding Mexico City proper) are in the State of Mexico:[9]. "No habrá más microbuses en la CDMX: Mancera" (Mancera states that there will not be any more microbuses in Mexico City), "Al término del gobierno de Mancera ya no habrá microbuses: Semovi", "En operación 69 autobuses Mercedes-Benz Revista Auto Motores Informa", "Inician operación 85 autobuses Mercedes-Benz en Corredor Chapultepec-Palmas – transporteinformativo.com", "Presentación del corredor Tacubaya- La Valenciana", "Cambios en ex Ruta 86 causan inconformidad entre choferes", "Encabeza Jefe de Gobierno inicio de operaciones de los Corredores Sevilla-Defensa y Toreo-Buenavista", "Inauguran corredor de transporte Palmas-Chapultepec", "Usuarios de M1 se quejan de exceso en tiempos de espera", "Abre Ebrard segundos pisos (Ebrard opens "second levels")", "Actualización Del Programa Hoy No Circula", "Mexican Emission Standards based on Federal Tier I Light-duty Vehicles up to 6000 lbs. [60], The 1968 Olympic Games brought about the construction of large sporting facilities. In 2005, Mexico City became the first city to host an NFL regular season game outside of the United States, at the Azteca Stadium. The museum inaugurated a new futuristic-design facility in 2011 just north of Polanco, while maintaining a smaller facility in Plaza de Loreto in southern Mexico City. June 1520 – Massacre at Tenochtitlán", "Conquistadors – Cortés. Mexico-City: Stadtentwicklung von unten zwischen Totenkult und Guerilla Gardening. [96] In December 2009, the then Federal District became the first city in Latin America and one of very few in the world to legalize same-sex marriage. GVWR", "Programa de Verificación Vehicular. Most of these families proved their worth by making fortunes in New Spain outside of the city itself, then spending the revenues in the capital, building churches, supporting charities and building extravagant palatial homes. It has since been recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Huerta had abandoned the capital and the conquering armies marched in. Una Mirada a Fines del Siglo XX", "Los extranjeros en México, la inmigración y el gobierno ¿Tolerancia o intolerancia religiosa? Unlike Brazil or Peru, Mexico had easy contact with both the Atlantic and Pacific worlds. Serving in the Mexican defense were the cadets later immortalized as Los Niños Héroes (the "Boy Heroes"). Courses throughout the city are available as private as well as public venues. 3 screen shares for 3 different teaching scenarios; April 6, 2021 In southern Mexico City, the Museo Carrillo Gil (Carrillo Gil Museum) showcases avant-garde artists, as does the University Museum/Contemporary Art (Museo Universitario Arte Contemporáneo – or MUAC), designed by famed Mexican architect Teodoro González de León, inaugurated in late 2008. [67] The area has two main seasons. The city of Mexico-Tenochtitlan was founded by the Mexica people in 1325. [106] In addition to street harassment, one of the places where women in Mexico City live in violence is public transport. The city now known as Mexico City was founded as Mexico Tenochtitlan in 1325 and a century later became the dominant city-state of the Aztec Triple Alliance, formed in 1430 and composed of Tenochtitlan, Texcoco, and Tlacopan.At its height, Tenochtitlan had enormous temples and palaces, a huge ceremonial center, residences of political, religious, military, and merchants. Schumannstraße 8 This in itself is a self-contained mini-city in Iztapalapa borough covering an area equivalent to several dozen city blocks. [193] The city has also hosted several NBA pre-season games and has hosted international basketball's FIBA Americas Championship, along with north-of-the-border Major League Baseball exhibition games at Foro Sol. Villagers from the countryside who continued to pour into the city to escape poverty only compounded the city's problems. The capital escaped the worst of the violence of the ten-year conflict of the Mexican Revolution. 1,173,351) [51], The Mexican Federal District was established by the new government and by the signing of their new constitution, where the concept of a federal district was adapted from the United States Constitution. Mexico City is one of the biggest urban conurbations in the world. So wird auf die generellen Probleme der Megalopole meistens lediglich reagiert anstatt diese im Vorfeld zu erkennen und langfristig anzugehen. In Ecatepec im Nordosten der Metropolregion, pflanzen zum Beispiel einige Anwohner_innen kleine Straßengärten auf den Verkehrsinseln und Bürgersteigen ihrer Wohngebiete. It houses a large collection of pieces by all major Mexican artists of the last 400 years and also hosts visiting exhibits. [36], Cortés first settled in Coyoacán, but decided to rebuild the Aztec site to erase all traces of the old order. Die Fußballweltmeisterschaft 2010 und ihre Impulse für Südafrika. Furthermore, as authorities struggled to tax local taquerias, imposing licensing requirements and penalties, they recorded some details of the types of foods being served by these establishments. Due to these initiatives and others, the air quality in Mexico City has begun to improve; it is cleaner than it was in 1991, when the air quality was declared to be a public health risk for 355 days of the year. The Spanish lived in the area closest to the main square in what was known as the traza, in orderly, well laid-out streets. This motto was quickly adopted as a city nickname but has faded since the new motto, Capital en Movimiento ("Capital in Movement"), was adopted by the administration headed by Marcelo Ebrard, though the latter is not treated as often as a nickname in media. [91], On 29 January 2016, Mexico City ceased to be the Federal District (Spanish: Distrito Federal or D.F. In 1854 president Antonio López de Santa Anna enlarged the area of Mexico City almost eightfold from the original 220 to 1,700 km2 (80 to 660 sq mi), annexing the rural and mountainous areas to secure the strategic mountain passes to the south and southwest to protect the city in event of a foreign invasion. The amendment was later introduced into the second article of the Statute of Government of the Federal District. The history of the rest of the 20th century to the present focuses on the phenomenal growth of the city and its environmental and political consequences. The facility is in Xochimilco borough in southern Mexico City and includes several buildings surrounded by sprawling manicured lawns. stationery) are housed; originally these were organized to accommodate vendors formerly selling on the street; or simply from improvised stalls on a city sidewalk. This came to fruition on 12 December 2019 when commissioner Silver announced at a press conference in Mexico City Arena that LNBP team, Capitanes de Ciudad de México will be joining the G League in the 2020–21 season on a five-year agreement. Chalco and La Paz. [73], The region of the Valley of Mexico receives anti-cyclonic systems. Die eigentliche Heimat hat dieses Prinzip aber im Alltagsleben der Bewohner_innen von Mexiko-Stadt. It will have its own constitution and its legislature, and its delegaciones will now be headed by mayors. In 2007 National Auditorium was selected world's best venue by multiple genre media. Mexico City is divided into 40 electoral constituencies of similar population which elect one representative by the plurality voting system, locally called "uninominal deputies". [25] Because of a clause in the Mexican Constitution, however, as it is the seat of the powers of the federation, it can never become a state, or the capital of the country has to be relocated elsewhere. In 2006, Marcelo Ebrard was elected to serve until 2012. The weak winds of these systems do not allow for the dispersion, outside the basin, of the air pollutants which are produced by the 50,000 industries and 4 million vehicles operating in and around the metropolitan area. [97] Formerly appointed by the Federal District's head of government, local authorities were first elected directly by plurality in 2000. Es gibt Erdbeben und bei starkem Regen häufig Überschwemmungen; die Grundwasservorräte gehen zur Neige bei gleichzeitiger Überlastung das Abwassersystems und in den steilen Seitentälern im Westen der Stadt kommt es zu Erdrutschen während auf der anderen Seite, in den Gebieten des trockengelegten Sees, Sandstürme die Atembedingungen beeinträchtigen. In the late 1970s many arterial roads were redesigned as ejes viales; high-volume one-way roads that cross, in theory, Mexico City proper from side to side. [187] Zoo San Juan de Aragon is near the San Juan de Aragon Park in the Gustavo A. Madero. During this era of Porfirian rule, the city underwent an extensive modernization. He sees punishment "related to the growing politicisation of security and crime issues and the resulting criminalisation of the people living at the margins of urban society, in particular those who work in the city's informal economy. He also signed the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). [68] Lake Texcoco was drained starting from the 17th century. La Nueva Viga Market is the second largest seafood market in the world after the Tsukiji fish market in Japan. The levels of signature pollutants in Mexico City are similar to those of Los Angeles. In addition, some inner suburbs are losing population to outer suburbs, indicating the continuing expansion of Greater Mexico City. 247,622) Aeroméxico (Skyteam) is based at this airport, and provide codeshare agreements with non-Mexican airlines that span the entire globe. Many of the works of muralists José Clemente Orozco, David Alfaro Siqueiros and Diego Rivera are displayed in numerous buildings in the city, most notably at the National Palace and the Palacio de Bellas Artes. Other iconic city parks include the Alameda Central historic center, a city park since colonial times and renovated in 2013; Parque México and Parque España in the hip Condesa district; Parque Hundido and Parque de los Venados in Colonia del Valle, and Parque Lincoln in Polanco. [189] Zoo Los Coyotes is a 27.68-acre (11.2 ha) zoo located south of Mexico City in the Coyoacan. Vier bis fünf Jahrzehnte nach der Initiierung der Siedlungstätigkeit in dieser Gegend wird erneut die Strategie des paracaidismo, der informellen Landnahme, welche Wohnraum im Selbstbau entwickelt, aufgegriffen, und für die Lösung eines seit damals unbeachtet gebliebenen Problems angewendet: um der Straße den fehlenden Grünraum und der Stadt das Recht auf ein Minimum an Lebensqualität abzutrotzen, werden städtische Resträume und unzulänglich fertig gestellte Straßenzüge zu improvisierten Gärten und Spielplätzen. These include the 10,000-seat National Auditorium that regularly schedules the Spanish and English-language pop and rock artists, as well as many of the world's leading performing arts ensembles, the auditorium also broadcasts grand opera performances from New York's Metropolitan Opera on giant, high definition screens. From 2016, each borough is headed by a mayor, expanding their local government powers. The warm period extends from March to May when subtropical winds again dominate but do not yet carry enough moisture for rain to form.[80]. The treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was signed in what is now the far north of the city.[57]. [105] A 2015 city government report found that two of three women over the age of 15 in the capital suffered some form of violence. XHCDM 21, [29] Studies of her mitochondrial DNA suggest she was either of Asian origin,[30] or Caucasian having an appearance like Western Europeans,[31][29] or Australian.[32]. The city of Pachuca will also provide additional expansion to central Mexico's airport network. While in 2003, the program still restricted 40% of vehicles in the metropolitan area,[165] with the adoption of stricter emissions standards in 2001 and 2006,[166] in practice, these days most vehicles are exempt from the circulation restrictions as long as they pass regular emissions tests. 43 On the expansion of institutions such as cafés, museums, theatres and semi-public scientific, literary or political salons (tertulias) as promoters of public discourse, see Laumeyer, Costumbrismo und Stadtentwicklung; Morus, I. et al., ‘ Scientific London ’, in Fox, C. The city has four major bus stations (North, South, Observatorio, TAPO), which comprise one of the world's largest transportation agglomerations, with bus service to many cities across the country and international connections. [161], Mexibús provides 3 bus rapid transit lines connecting Metro Ciudad Azteca and Metro Pantitlán with Cuautitlán, Ecatepec and other suburban areas in the State of Mexico.[162]. 4. He and his government came to the conclusion that they would use Paris as a model, while still containing remnants of Amerindian and Hispanic elements. Mexico City is located in the Valley of Mexico, sometimes called the Basin of Mexico. Mexiko-Stadt steht also alles andere als still. The Historic center of Mexico City (Centro Histórico) and the "floating gardens" of Xochimilco in the southern borough have been declared World Heritage Sites by UNESCO. Basel, Self-Publishing ETH Studio Basel, Institut Stadt der Gegenwart, Basel, 2007. The three teams are based in Mexico City and play in the First Division; they are also part, with Guadalajara-based giants Club Deportivo Guadalajara, of Mexico's traditional "Big Four" (though recent years have tended to erode the teams' leading status at least in standings). In the ensuing centuries, possession of a noble title in Mexico did not mean one exercised great political power, for one's power was limited even if the accumulation of wealth was not. www.boell.de The 2020 population for the city proper was 9,209,944,[9][16] with a land area of 1,485 square kilometers (573 sq mi). „Unser Moloch“Als Konsequenz dieses düsteren Bildes stellt sich sowohl die heimische Bevölkerung als auch der Rest der Welt Mexiko-Stadt primär als Horrorszenarium vor, als „post-apokalyptischen“ (Carlos Monsiváis) urbanen Alptraum. In der Peripherie der Megalopole, den Bundesländern Estado de México und Hidalgo leben mit elf Millionen nicht nur mehr Menschen als in ganz Griechenland, sondern auch mehr als in der eigentlichen Stadt „Mexiko“, die politisch-administrativ auf den Bundesdistrikt, den Distrito Federal, konzentriert ist. The brainchild of two young Mexican women as a Holocaust museum, the idea morphed into a unique museum dedicated to showcasing all major historical events of discrimination and genocide. Mexico City is known for having some of the freshest fish and seafood in Mexico's interior. [36] He did not establish a territory under his own personal rule, but remained loyal to the Spanish crown. Der informelle Sektor ist aus der Wirtschaft der Metropolregion nicht wegzudenken - auch wenn die Stadtverwaltung immer wieder versucht den Straßenhandel zu vertreiben. The Museo de Arte Moderno (Museum of Modern Art) is a repository of Mexican artists from the 20th century, including Rivera, Orozco, Siqueiros, Kahlo, Gerzso, Carrington, Tamayo, among others, and also regularly hosts temporary exhibits of international modern art. While they are not fully equivalent to municipalities, the boroughs have gained significant autonomy. The National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), located in Mexico City, is the largest university on the continent, with more than 300,000 students from all backgrounds. After the political reforms on 2016, the city is divided for administrative purposes into 16 boroughs (demarcaciones territoriales, colloquially alcadias), formerly called delegaciones. [38], Tensions increased until, on the night of 30 June 1520 – during a struggle known as "La Noche Triste" – the Aztecs rose up against the Spanish intrusion and managed to capture or drive out the Europeans and their Tlaxcalan allies. However, the last straw may have been the controversial elections of 1988. Also published in English: The Canary Islands. Due to the limited non-urbanized space at the south—most of which is protected through environmental laws—the contribution of Mexico City in agriculture is the smallest of all federal entities in the country. Future Confederate generals George E. Pickett and James Longstreet participated in the attack. [65] Seismic activity is frequent there. The metro transports 4.4 million people every day. Mexico City has one of the world's highest police officer-to-resident ratios, with one uniformed officer per 100 citizens. [77] The 1967 snowstorm coincided with the operation of Deep Drainage System that resulted in the total draining of what was left of Lake Texcoco. As of mid-2017, there were 568[160] Metrobús buses. The cold period spans from November to February, when polar air masses push down from the north and keep the air fairly dry. Only a small section of the original lake remains, located outside Mexico City, in the municipality of Atenco, State of Mexico. Included are major actions at the battles of Molino del Rey and Chapultepec, culminating with the fall of Mexico City. November 2009 Von Christian von Wissel. In 1980 half of all the industrial jobs in Mexico were located in Mexico City. November, 1519 – Montezuma Arrested", "Conquistadors – Cortés. A late seventeenth-century painting of the Zócalo by Cristóbal de Villalpando depicts the main square, which had been the old Aztec ceremonial center. For other uses, see. [24] The city has several progressive policies, such as abortion on demand, a limited form of euthanasia, no-fault divorce, and same-sex marriage. A second level (where tolls are charged) of the Periférico, colloquially called the segundo piso ("second floor"), was officially opened in 2012, with sections still being completed. Open - Closed. info@boell.de. Mexico, Central American and Caribbean Secretariat Eje Central Lazaro Cardenas 13 Building Miguel Abed, Floor 5 Of. The city proper produces 15.8% of the country's gross domestic product. In 2016, the SVBUS express bus service was launched, with limited stops and utilizing the city's toll roads on the second-level of the Periférico ring road and Supervía Poniente and connecting Toreo/Cuatro Caminos with Santa Fe, San Jerónimo Lídice and Tepepan near Xochimilco in the southeast. There are, as of September 2013, 276 stations with 4,000 bicycles across an area stretching from the Historic center to Polanco. Tláhuac (pop. Estimates are as high as 700,000 U.S. Americans living in Mexico City, while in 1999 the U.S. Bureau of Consular Affairs estimated over 440,000 Americans lived in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area. Between 1960 and 1980 the city's population more than doubled to nearly 9 million.[42]. Jhd: Unabhängigkeit gefolgt von amerikanischer und französischer Besetzung durchgehend schrittweise Trockenlegung des Texcoco-See damit Stadt wachsen kann Armut Azteken Beispiel 1: Guerilla Gardening oder Selbstbaugrünräume In Mexiko-Stadt liegt der Grünflächenanteil eines jeden Einwohners statistisch betrachtet bei acht Quadratmetern. While many pieces of pottery and stone-engraving have survived, the great majority of the Amerindian iconography was destroyed during the Conquest of Mexico. (ed. As part of the recent changes in autonomy, the budget is administered locally; it is proposed by the head of government and approved by the Legislative Assembly. Popular arts in the form of cartoons and illustrations flourished, e.g. One of the students, José María Velasco, is considered one of the greatest Mexican landscape painters of the 19th century. Ohne die die Probleme und Herausforderungen verharmlosen zu wollen, möchte ich im folgenden den Blick auf die kleinen Ansätze werfen, mit denen die Bewohner auf die dringenden Fragen ihrer Stadt Antworten geben. An alternate option is Lic. The World Bank has sponsored a project to curb air pollution through public transport improvements and the Mexican government has started shutting down polluting factories. In 2016, the airport handled almost 42 million passengers, about 3.3 million more than the year before. Heads of government are elected for a six-year period without the possibility of re-election. The national public healthcare institution for private-sector employees, IMSS, has its largest facilities in Mexico City—including the National Medical Center and the La Raza Medical Center—and has an annual budget of over 6 billion pesos. Examples of colonial buildings at Mexico City. UNAM conducts 50% of Mexico's scientific research and has presence all across the country with satellite campuses, observatories and research centres. The net migration rate of Mexico City proper from 1995 to 2000 was negative,[101] which implies that residents are moving to the suburbs of the metropolitan area, or to other states of Mexico. [42], Although the Spanish preserved Tenochtitlan's basic layout, they built Catholic churches over the old Aztec temples and claimed the imperial palaces for themselves. West of the Historic Center (Centro Histórico) along Paseo de la Reforma are many of the city's wealthiest neighborhoods such as Polanco, Lomas de Chapultepec, Bosques de las Lomas, Santa Fe, and (in the State of Mexico) Interlomas, which are also the city's most important areas of class A office space, corporate headquarters, skyscrapers, and shopping malls.